With over 500 languages in Nigeria, three languages -- Hausa, Yor\`ub\'a and Igbo -- spoken by over 175 million people, account for about 60% of the spoken languages. However, these languages are categorised as low-resource due to insufficient resources to support tasks in computational linguistics. Several research efforts and initiatives have been presented, however, a coherent understanding of the state of Natural Language Processing (NLP) - from grammatical formalisation to linguistic resources that support complex tasks such as language understanding and generation is lacking. This study presents the first comprehensive review of advancements in low-resource NLP (LR-NLP) research across the three major Nigerian languages (NaijaNLP). We quantitatively assess the available linguistic resources and identify key challenges. Although a growing body of literature addresses various NLP downstream tasks in Hausa, Igbo, and Yor\`ub\'a, only about 25.1% of the reviewed studies contribute new linguistic resources. This finding highlights a persistent reliance on repurposing existing data rather than generating novel, high-quality resources. Additionally, language-specific challenges, such as the accurate representation of diacritics, remain under-explored. To advance NaijaNLP and LR-NLP more broadly, we emphasise the need for intensified efforts in resource enrichment, comprehensive annotation, and the development of open collaborative initiatives.

In the small village of Ogba-Ojibo in central Nigeria, sitting at the confluence of two of the nation's largest rivers – the Niger and Benue – 27-year-old Ako Prince Omali is counting the steps carved out of the dirt, which lead down the loam-coloured banks of the river Niger. This river bank, dotted with tufts of spiky grass, is where villagers come to fish or wash produce and laundry. Just last week, three of the steps were submerged during one night of rain, which raised the water level by about five metres. Normally, you can count seven steps down into the river. Now, only four remain above the surface of the water, the sticks bracing the muddy steps having washed away in the deluge.

Drought is a complex environmental phenomenon that affects millions of people and communities all over the globe and is too elusive to be accurately predicted. This is mostly due to the scalability and variability of the web of environmental parameters that directly/indirectly causes the onset of different categories of drought. Since the dawn of man, efforts have been made to uniquely understand the natural indicators that provide signs of likely environmental events. These indicators/signs in the form of indigenous knowledge system have been used for generations. The intricate complexity of drought has, however, always been a major stumbling block for accurate drought prediction and forecasting systems. Recently, scientists in the field of agriculture and environmental monitoring have been discussing the integration of indigenous knowledge and scientific knowledge for a more accurate environmental forecasting system in order to incorporate diverse environmental information for a reliable drought forecast. Hence, in this research, the core objective is the development of a semantics-based data integration middleware that encompasses and integrates heterogeneous data models of local indigenous knowledge and sensor data towards an accurate drought forecasting system for the study areas. The local indigenous knowledge on drought gathered from the domain experts is transformed into rules to be used for performing deductive inference in conjunction with sensors data for determining the onset of drought through an automated inference generation module of the middleware. The semantic middleware incorporates, inter alia, a distributed architecture that consists of a streaming data processing engine based on Apache Kafka for real-time stream processing; a rule-based reasoning module; an ontology module for semantic representation of the knowledge bases.

The emergence of tethered drones represents a major advancement in unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) offering solutions to key limitations faced by traditional drones. This article explores the potential of tethered drones with a particular focus on their ability to tackle issues related to battery life constraints and data latency commonly experienced by battery operated drones. Through their connection to a ground station via a tether, autonomous tethered drones provide continuous power supply and a secure direct data transmission link facilitating prolonged operational durations and real time data transfer. These attributes significantly enhance the effectiveness and dependability of drone missions in scenarios requiring extended surveillance, continuous monitoring and immediate data processing needs. Examining the advancements, operational benefits and potential future progressions associated with tethered drones, this article shows their increasing significance across various sectors and their pivotal role in pushing the boundaries of current UAV capabilities. The emergence of tethered drone technology not only addresses existing obstacles but also paves the way for new innovations within the UAV industry.

Spannotation is an open source user-friendly tool developed for image annotation for semantic segmentation specifically in autonomous navigation tasks. This study provides an evaluation of Spannotation, demonstrating its effectiveness in generating accurate segmentation masks for various environments like agricultural crop rows, off-road terrains and urban roads. Unlike other popular annotation tools that requires about 40 seconds to annotate an image for semantic segmentation in a typical navigation task, Spannotation achieves similar result in about 6.03 seconds. The tools utility was validated through the utilization of its generated masks to train a U-Net model which achieved a validation accuracy of 98.27% and mean Intersection Over Union (mIOU) of 96.66%. The accessibility, simple annotation process and no-cost features have all contributed to the adoption of Spannotation evident from its download count of 2098 (as of February 25, 2024) since its launch. Future enhancements of Spannotation aim to broaden its application to complex navigation scenarios and incorporate additional automation functionalities. Given its increasing popularity and promising potential, Spannotation stands as a valuable resource in autonomous navigation and semantic segmentation. For detailed information and access to Spannotation, readers are encouraged to visit the project's GitHub repository at https://github.com/sof-danny/spannotation

Trapped human detection in search and rescue (SAR) scenarios poses a significant challenge in pervasive computing. This study addresses this issue by leveraging machine learning techniques, given their high accuracy. However, accurate identification of trapped individuals is hindered by the curse of dimensionality and noisy data. Particularly in non-line-of-sight (NLOS) situations during catastrophic events, the curse of dimensionality may lead to blind spots due to noise and uncorrelated values in detections. This research focuses on harmonizing information through wireless communication and identifying individuals in NLOS scenarios using ultra-wideband (UWB) radar signals. Employing independent component analysis (ICA) for feature extraction, the study evaluates classification performance using ensemble algorithms on both static and dynamic datasets. The experimental results demonstrate categorization accuracies of 88.37% for static data and 87.20% for dynamic data, highlighting the effectiveness of the proposed approach. Finally, this work can help scientists and engineers make instant decisions during SAR operations.

During the COVID-19 pandemic, the Church closed its physical doors for the first time in about 800 years, which is, arguably, a cataclysmic event. Other religions have found themselves in a similar situation, and they were practically forced to move online, which is an unprecedented occasion. In this paper, we analyse this sudden change in religious activities twofold: we create and deliver a questionnaire, as well as analyse Twitter data, to understand people's perceptions and activities related to religious activities online. Importantly, we also analyse the temporal variations in this process by analysing a period of 3 months: July-September 2020. Additionally to the separate analysis of the two data sources, we also discuss the implications from triangulating the results.

The health mention classification (HMC) task is the process of identifying and classifying mentions of health-related concepts in text. This can be useful for identifying and tracking the spread of diseases through social media posts. However, this is a non-trivial task. Here we build on recent studies suggesting that using emotional information may improve upon this task. Our study results in a framework for health mention classification that incorporates affective features. We present two methods, an intermediate task fine-tuning approach (implicit) and a multi-feature fusion approach (explicit) to incorporate emotions into our target task of HMC. We evaluated our approach on 5 HMC-related datasets from different social media platforms including three from Twitter, one from Reddit and another from a combination of social media sources. Extensive experiments demonstrate that our approach results in statistically significant performance gains on HMC tasks. By using the multi-feature fusion approach, we achieve at least a 3% improvement in F1 score over BERT baselines across all datasets. We also show that considering only negative emotions does not significantly affect performance on the HMC task. Additionally, our results indicate that HMC models infused with emotional knowledge are an effective alternative, especially when other HMC datasets are unavailable for domain-specific fine-tuning. The source code for our models is freely available at https://github.com/tahirlanre/Emotion_PHM.

Language identification (LID) is a crucial precursor for NLP, especially for mining web data. Problematically, most of the world's 7000+ languages today are not covered by LID technologies. We address this pressing issue for Africa by introducing AfroLID, a neural LID toolkit for $517$ African languages and varieties. AfroLID exploits a multi-domain web dataset manually curated from across 14 language families utilizing five orthographic systems. When evaluated on our blind Test set, AfroLID achieves 95.89 F_1-score. We also compare AfroLID to five existing LID tools that each cover a small number of African languages, finding it to outperform them on most languages. We further show the utility of AfroLID in the wild by testing it on the acutely under-served Twitter domain. Finally, we offer a number of controlled case studies and perform a linguistically-motivated error analysis that allow us to both showcase AfroLID's powerful capabilities and limitations.

In order to ease the process of library management many technologies have been adopted but most of them focus on inventory management. There has hardly been any progress of automation in the field of issuing and returning books to the library on time. In colleges and schools, hostellers often forget to timely return the issued books back to the library. To solve the above issue and to ensure timely submission of the issued books, this work develops a Book-Bot which solves these complexities. The bot can commute from point A to point B, scan and verify QR Codes and Barcodes. The bot will have a certain payload capacity for carrying books. The QR code and Barcode scanning will be enabled by a Pi Camera, OpenCV and Raspberry Pi, thus making the exchange of books safe and secure. The odometry maneuvers of the bot will be controlled manually via a Blynk App. This paper focuses on how human intervention can be reduced and automates the issue part of library management system with the help of a bot.